Carbon markets and carbon tech encompasses the platforms, registries, verification systems, and trading infrastructure that enable the buying, selling, and retirement of carbon credits and carbon removal certificates. The voluntary carbon market reached approximately $2 billion in 2024, while compliance carbon markets (EU ETS, California Cap-and-Trade) exceeded $900 billion in transaction value. The sector is bifurcating between traditional carbon offsets (which face credibility challenges around additionality and permanence) and high-quality carbon removal credits (direct air capture, enhanced weathering, biochar) backed by scientific verification. Companies like Sylvera, BeZero Carbon, and Calyx Global provide credit rating and verification. Xpansiv operates the major carbon credit exchange. The Frontier advance market commitment (backed by Stripe, Google, Meta, Shopify) has catalyzed the high-quality removal market by providing guaranteed demand.

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